Every child worries. About monsters under the bed. About a test at school. About whether their best friend is mad at them. Worry is a normal, healthy part of growing up. It's the brain's way of preparing for uncertainty and learning to navigate the world.

But for some children, worry doesn't stay small. It grows. It starts running the show, deciding what they'll eat, where they'll go, whether they'll sleep, whether they can even walk through the school door. When that happens, it isn't just worry anymore. It's anxiety. And it's the most common mental health challenge children face.

Anxiety by the Numbers

Anxiety disorders affect roughly 1 in 8 children in the United States. In a classroom of 24 kids, that's about three children carrying anxiety that goes beyond normal worry. Many of them are never identified, because anxiety often looks different in kids than it does in adults, and the signs are easy to mistake for something else.

At Center for Child Counseling, anxiety is the most common presenting concern we see. It shows up across every demographic, every school, and every kind of family. And the earlier it's spotted, the more we can do about it.

Normal Worry vs. Something More

One of the hardest questions a parent asks is "Is this normal, or should I be concerned?" Here's a guide:

What Anxiety Looks Like at Different Ages

Anxiety wears different masks depending on a child's age and stage. A clingy toddler, a defiant 8 year old, and a withdrawn teenager can all be showing the same thing underneath: an anxious brain.

The Hidden Signs Parents Miss

Anxiety in children doesn't always look like worry. It often shows up disguised as something else:

What You Can Do Right Now

Validate, don't dismiss. "I can see you're really worried about this. That makes sense." Telling a child "Don't worry" or "You're fine" doesn't reduce anxiety. It tells them their feelings are wrong.

Don't accommodate the avoidance. When anxiety says "don't go," the instinct is to let your child stay home, skip the party, or steer clear of whatever scares them. But avoidance feeds anxiety. Instead, acknowledge the fear and gently support them through it: "I know this feels scary. I'll be right here. You can do this."

Model calm. Your nervous system is your child's co-regulator. When you stay steady in the face of their anxiety, their brain gets the signal that the situation is manageable. Breathe. Lower your voice. Stay present.

Name the anxiety as something separate from them. "It sounds like your worry brain is being really loud right now. What does YOUR brain think?" Giving anxiety its own name helps children see it as something they experience, not something they are. Our Feelings Corner has age-based tools built around exactly this, including a spot where a child can pick "Worried," "Anxious," or "Nervous" and find a calming activity built for how they feel right now.

Build HOPE. The HOPE framework reminds us that Relationships, Environments, Engagement, and Emotional Growth are the building blocks that buffer adversity, including anxiety. A child with strong relationships, safe environments, meaningful activities, and growing emotional skills has a real foundation for managing worry.

When to Seek Professional Support

If your child's anxiety is persistent (lasting weeks, not days), pervasive (touching multiple parts of life), and impairing (keeping them from things they need or want to do), it's time to seek support. You're not overreacting. You're being a responsive parent.

Our Child & Family Center provides outpatient therapy for anxiety, depression, trauma, and behavioral challenges in a warm, child-friendly setting. Our School-Based Mental Health program brings therapists directly into schools across Palm Beach County. And our What Does My Child Need? quiz can help you find the right path.

Anxiety is highly treatable, especially in children. With the right support, most children learn to manage their worry and get back to being kids.

The Bottom Line

Every child worries. But not every child has to be controlled by that worry. If your child's anxiety is shrinking their world, making it smaller, quieter, more limited, that's not something to wait out. It's something to respond to. With validation. With calm. With connection. And when needed, with professional support.

Anxiety is not who your child is. It's something their brain does, and with the right help, it can get better.

Renée Layman

President & CEO · Center for Child Counseling · HOPE Champion

Renée has led Center for Child Counseling since 2013, growing it from a small grassroots agency to one serving more than 7,500 children a year across Palm Beach County. With nearly 30 years in children's mental health, she is a certified HOPE Champion through the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center, President of the Florida Association for Infant Mental Health, and author of the updated A Way of Being with Children PreK Manual.

Your child is stacking blocks. Making mud pies. Chasing their sibling around the backyard. Holding a whole conversation between two stuffed animals. None of that is wasted time. It's the most important work of childhood, and it's how brains get built.

In a culture that keeps pushing early academics, structured activities, and measurable outcomes, play has quietly lost ground. Recess has shrunk. Screen time has grown. And a lot of parents feel a nagging pressure to make sure every moment of the day counts for something.

But the research says play is the productive part. It's how children learn to solve problems, manage feelings, empathize, imagine, talk, and bounce back. Play isn't a break from learning. It's the foundation underneath it.

What Play Actually Does to the Brain

When a child plays, their brain lights up. New connections form quickly. The prefrontal cortex, the part in charge of planning and impulse control, gets real exercise. The social brain grows as children negotiate, cooperate, and work through conflict with other kids. The emotional brain learns to handle frustration, disappointment, and excitement as they happen.

Play is the brain's preferred classroom. Not worksheets. Not flashcards. Not apps. Play.

Six Types of Play That Build Brains

Not all play does the same job, and every type builds something different. The richest childhood includes a mix:

The HOPE Connection: Creating Environments for Play

The HOPE framework identifies Environments as one of its four building blocks, meaning safe, stable spaces where children can live, learn, and play. Play needs environments that welcome it: homes where messes are okay, schools where recess is protected, communities where parks are safe and easy to get to.

When we invest in play-friendly environments, we're investing in brain development. When we cut recess, over-schedule afternoons, or trade play for screens, we're taking away one of the most powerful tools children have for growing.

What Parents Can Do

Follow their lead. The most powerful play happens when a child directs and an adult follows. Put down your phone, sit on the floor, and let your child show you their world. Don't direct, correct, or teach. Just be there.

Protect unstructured time. Not every minute needs to be filled. Boredom is where creativity starts. Children need open-ended time with nothing planned, and that's when the deepest play shows up.

Play outside. Nature play is one of the most underused tools for children's mental health. Dirt, water, sticks, open space. What the research shows about outdoor play and lower cortisol, better attention, and steadier emotions is worth paying attention to.

Choose toys that invite imagination. The best toys do less so the child does more. Blocks, art supplies, dress-up clothes, and natural materials beat battery-powered toys with one job.

Explore our Ways to Play page for more ideas organized by play type, from sensory play to nature play to child-led play. Our Feelings Corner is another good stop, with age-based tools that use play to help children name and work through what they feel.

When Play Becomes Therapy

At Center for Child Counseling, play isn't just something we encourage. It's one of our primary clinical tools. Play therapy is an evidence-based approach that uses the language children already speak, play, to help them process trauma, express feelings, and build coping skills.

Our ArtClub program uses creative expression as healing. Our clinicians are trained in child-centered play therapy, sand tray therapy, and other expressive approaches. And our play therapy training equips professionals across the country to bring these approaches to the children they serve.

The Bottom Line

The next time someone says your child is "just playing," smile. You know better. They're building their brain. They're processing their world. They're developing skills that no worksheet, app, or structured activity can hand them.

Play is the work of childhood, and it's the most important work there is.

Renée Layman

President & CEO · Center for Child Counseling · HOPE Champion

Renée has led Center for Child Counseling since 2013, growing it from a small grassroots agency to one serving more than 7,500 children a year across Palm Beach County. With nearly 30 years in children's mental health, she is a certified HOPE Champion through the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center, President of the Florida Association for Infant Mental Health, and author of the updated A Way of Being with Children PreK Manual.

When a child is flooded with feeling and we say "use your words," we're asking for something they can't hand us in that moment. The words aren't there yet. And the instruction, however kindly we mean it, often lands as one more thing they're getting wrong. Now they're upset and they feel misunderstood.

Children don't arrive knowing how to name what they feel. Emotional vocabulary is learned, and they learn it from the adults who say feelings out loud and let the whole range of them exist without anyone getting in trouble.

This is one of the most ordinary, everyday pieces of A Way of Being with Children, and it starts earlier than most of us expect.

Why "Use Your Words" Doesn't Work

When a child is overwhelmed, whether that looks like crying, screaming, hitting, or going silent, the amygdala is running things. That's the brain's alarm center. The prefrontal cortex, the part that handles language and reasoning, steps back. A child isn't choosing that. It's how brains are built.

Asking for words in that moment assumes the word-making part of the brain is available, and it isn't. It's a little like asking someone to write a thank-you note while the smoke alarm is going off. The survival brain doesn't do language. It does fight, flight, or freeze.

What to Do Instead: Lend Them the Words

The most useful thing you can do when your child is coming apart is name the feeling for them. Researchers call this affect labeling, and brain imaging studies suggest it does real work: putting a word to a feeling turns down the alarm response so the thinking part of the brain can come back.

Here's what it sounds like at the kitchen table:

Notice what's missing. You aren't fixing anything or explaining anything. You're saying back what you see, and what your child hears is that you noticed and you're not going anywhere.

Building an Emotional Vocabulary by Age

A child's ability to name what they feel comes in slowly. Here's where to put your attention at each stage.

Why This Connects to HOPE

HOPE stands for Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences, and one of its four building blocks is emotional growth: the chance to learn, over and over, how to recognize and manage what you feel. Sitting with your child in a hard feeling and naming it is that building block in its most ordinary form. It doesn't take a curriculum. It takes an adult who stays.

You're also teaching something about feelings in general. They can be said out loud to another person, and nothing bad happens. Children carry that for a long time.

The Next Time It Happens

When your child is falling apart and you feel that pull to say "use your words," try using yours instead. Say what you see. Stay where you are.

The words will come, but only after the feeling has been heard.

Renée Layman

President & CEO · Center for Child Counseling · HOPE Champion

Renée has led Center for Child Counseling since 2013, growing it from a small grassroots agency to one serving more than 7,500 children a year across Palm Beach County. With nearly 30 years in children's mental health, she is a certified HOPE Champion through the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center, President of the Florida Association for Infant Mental Health, and author of the updated A Way of Being with Children PreK Manual.

You've heard the advice a thousand times: "Just stay calm." As if calmness were a switch you could flip while your child screams in the backseat, throws their plate across the kitchen, or dissolves into tears for the third time before breakfast. Staying calm when your child is falling apart is one of the hardest things in parenting. And also one of the most important.

Not because your feelings don't matter — they do. But because your nervous system is the most powerful tool you have. When you regulate yourself, you give your child's brain something it desperately needs but can't produce on its own: a signal that says "we're safe."

This process has a name. It's called co-regulation. And understanding it will change how you show up in your hardest parenting moments.

What Is Co-Regulation?

Co-regulation isn't a parenting technique. It's a biological process. Children are not born with the ability to calm themselves down. That skill — self-regulation — develops over years, and it develops through repeated experiences of being regulated by someone else first.

When your child is overwhelmed, their nervous system looks to yours for cues. If you're escalated — yelling, tense, frustrated — their brain reads that as confirmation: this IS dangerous. Stay in survival mode. But if you're calm — breathing slowly, speaking softly, steady — their nervous system receives a different message: this person is okay. Maybe I can be okay too.

This is why "just stop crying" never works. You're asking a child to self-regulate when their brain hasn't built that capacity yet. It's like asking someone to drive a car they haven't learned to steer. Co-regulation is how they learn to steer — by riding alongside you until they can do it on their own.

Why It's So Hard (And Why That's Normal)

If staying calm during your child's meltdown feels nearly impossible, there's a biological reason for that. Your brain is wired to respond to your child's distress with urgency. Hearing a child cry triggers the same stress response in a parent's brain that a physical threat would. Your cortisol spikes. Your muscles tense. Your own alarm system fires.

On top of that, many of us carry our own childhood patterns. If you grew up in a home where big emotions were punished, dismissed, or ignored, your nervous system may have learned to treat emotion itself as a threat. When your child has a meltdown, it can activate something old and deep inside you — something that has nothing to do with the spilled cereal or the missed nap.

This doesn't make you a bad parent. It makes you a human one. And the beautiful thing about co-regulation is that you don't have to be perfectly calm. You just have to be calmer than your child. That's enough.

Your Calm-Down Toolkit

These aren't just techniques for your child — they're for you. Practice them when you're not stressed so they become automatic when you are.

Co-Regulation in Action

Here's what this looks like in real life — not perfect, but present:

Building Emotional Growth Through HOPE

The HOPE framework identifies Emotional Growth — the development of social and emotional competencies — as one of its four building blocks. Co-regulation is how that growth begins. Every time you calm yourself first and help your child through a hard moment, you're building the neural pathways that will eventually allow them to do it on their own.

Self-regulation doesn't come from being told to calm down. It comes from being shown what calm looks like, over and over, by someone who stays present even when things are hard. That's the gift of co-regulation — and it's one of the most HOPE-ful things a parent can do.

When You Need More Support

If you find yourself consistently overwhelmed — if staying calm feels impossible most of the time, if you're losing your temper in ways that scare you, or if your child's behavior has escalated beyond what feels manageable — that's not failure. That's a sign that you and your family might benefit from additional support.

Our Tips & Exercises page has calming exercises organized by age group, including a guided calming video. BeKidSafe.org offers free parent workshops on topics like listening, sibling rivalry, and social-emotional learning. And if your child needs clinical support, our Find Support tool can guide you to the right program.

The Bottom Line

You are your child's first and most important co-regulator. Not because you're always calm — you won't be. But because you keep coming back. You keep breathing. You keep trying. And every time you do, you're teaching your child the most important lesson of their life: big feelings are survivable, and you don't have to face them alone.

Put on your own oxygen mask first. Then reach for theirs.

Renée Layman

President & CEO · Center for Child Counseling · HOPE Champion

Renée has led Center for Child Counseling since 2013, growing it from a small grassroots agency to one serving over 7,500 children annually across Palm Beach County. With nearly 30 years in children's mental health, she is a certified HOPE Champion through the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center, President of the Florida Association for Infant Mental Health, and author of the updated A Way of Being with Children PreK Manual.

For decades, the conversation about children's well-being has focused on what goes wrong. Adverse Childhood Experiences. Toxic stress. Trauma. These are real, and they matter enormously. But somewhere along the way, we forgot to ask an equally important question: what goes right?

The HOPE framework — Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences — asks that question. And the answer is changing how we think about childhood, parenting, and what it truly takes for a child to thrive.

A Fundamental Shift

The ACEs framework taught us that adversity in childhood has real, lasting effects on health and development. That was groundbreaking — and it led to an entire field of research, policy change, and clinical practice. Center for Child Counseling has been at the forefront of that work through our Fighting ACEs initiative and ACEs Toolkit.

But ACEs alone tell only half the story. Knowing what hurts children doesn't automatically tell us what heals them.

That's the shift HOPE provides:

HOPE doesn't replace ACEs science — it completes it. It gives us a roadmap for building the positive experiences that buffer adversity, change brain architecture, and give every child a fighting chance.

The Four Building Blocks of HOPE

Developed by the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center, the HOPE framework identifies four categories of positive experiences that research shows are essential for healthy development. These aren't abstract ideals — they're specific, actionable, and available to every family, school, and community.

What the Research Shows

The science behind HOPE isn't wishful thinking. A landmark 2019 study by Dr. Christina Bethell at Johns Hopkins found that Positive Childhood Experiences — including feeling safe, supported, and connected — independently promote adult mental health, regardless of how many ACEs a person experienced. In other words, positive experiences don't just feel good — they biologically change outcomes.

This is what makes HOPE so powerful: it's not about erasing adversity. It's about building something alongside it that changes the equation. A child with four ACEs and four strong building blocks of HOPE has a fundamentally different trajectory than a child with four ACEs and none.

HOPE at Center for Child Counseling

At Center for Child Counseling, HOPE isn't just a framework we teach — it's how we operate. I became a certified HOPE Champion through the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center because I believe this framework has the power to transform how we serve children and families. Our entire organizational approach — from our A Way of Being with Children philosophy to our community education, clinical programs, and training — is built on the HOPE framework.

Every interaction our team has with a child, a family, or a professional is designed to promote at least one of the four building blocks. When a therapist meets with a child at school, that's Relationships. When we train childcare providers, that's Environments. When a child participates in our ArtClub program, that's Engagement. When SNAP® teaches self-regulation skills, that's Emotional Growth.

HOPE is the thread that connects everything we do.

What HOPE Means for You

You don't need to be a clinician, a teacher, or a policymaker to apply HOPE. You're already doing it — every time you hug your child, show up to a school event, eat dinner together, or simply ask "How are you feeling?"

The HOPE framework gives you the language and the science to understand why those moments matter so much — and to be intentional about creating more of them. Not perfectly. Not exhaustively. Just consistently enough that your child's brain gets the message: I am safe. I belong. Someone cares. I can handle this.

The Bottom Line

HOPE isn't about ignoring adversity. It's about refusing to stop there. It's the recognition that what we build for children matters just as much as what we protect them from — and that every parent, every teacher, every community has the power to change a child's trajectory through the simple, profound act of showing up.

Relationships. Environments. Engagement. Emotional Growth.

Four building blocks. One framework. A lifetime of impact.

Renée Layman

President & CEO · Center for Child Counseling · HOPE Champion

Renée has led Center for Child Counseling since 2013, growing it from a small grassroots agency to one serving over 7,500 children annually across Palm Beach County. With nearly 30 years in children's mental health, she is a certified HOPE Champion through the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center, President of the Florida Association for Infant Mental Health, and author of the updated A Way of Being with Children PreK Manual.

The screaming. The crying. The floor-kicking, fist-clenching, back-arching explosion that seems to come out of nowhere. If you've been there — in the grocery store, at the playground, at bedtime — you know the feeling. Exhaustion. Frustration. And that quiet whisper: "What am I doing wrong?"

Here's the answer: nothing. Because what you're watching isn't misbehavior. It's a distress signal.

Behavior Is Communication

This is one of the most important concepts in child development, and it's the foundation of everything we do at Center for Child Counseling: behavior is communication. When a child melts down, their brain isn't choosing defiance. It's overwhelmed. The feelings are too big, the words aren't there yet, and their nervous system has flipped into survival mode.

Think about the last time you were so stressed, frustrated, or exhausted that you snapped at someone — said something you didn't mean, slammed a door, or shut down completely. Now imagine having that same level of overwhelming emotion with a brain that's still under construction, with no words to describe what you're feeling, and no ability to calm yourself down alone.

That's what a meltdown is. Not manipulation. Not a power play. A child drowning in feelings they can't manage yet.

What Not to Do (and What to Do Instead)

Our instincts in the middle of a meltdown often make things worse — not because we're bad parents, but because we were never taught how a child's brain actually works. Here's the shift:

The 5-Step Co-Regulation Process

Co-regulation is the process of using your calm to help calm your child. It's not a technique — it's a biological process. A child's nervous system literally borrows regulation from the adults around them. Here's how to practice it:

Why This Matters for the HOPE Framework

The HOPE framework identifies Engagement — meeting children where they are — as one of its four building blocks. Co-regulation during a meltdown is engagement in its purest form. You're meeting your child exactly where they are emotionally, without judgment, without conditions, and with full presence.

Every time you co-regulate with your child through a meltdown, you're not just getting through a hard moment. You're building the neural pathways for self-regulation — the ability they'll eventually use to calm themselves down without you. You're teaching them, through your body and your presence, that big feelings aren't dangerous, that they don't have to face them alone, and that someone will always be there.

That's not indulgence. That's brain-building.

When Meltdowns Signal Something More

All children have meltdowns — it's a normal part of development. But when meltdowns are frequent, intense, prolonged, or escalating, it may be a sign that your child needs additional support. Signs to watch for include meltdowns that last more than 30 minutes regularly, aggression toward self or others, meltdowns that seem disproportionate to the trigger, and difficulty recovering even with your calm support.

If this sounds familiar, programs like SNAP® (Stop Now And Plan) — our evidence-based self-regulation program for children ages 6–11 — can help. SNAP teaches children concrete skills to recognize their feelings, stop, and choose a better response. Research shows measurable brain changes in just 13 weeks.

For younger children, our Child First and Early Childhood Social-Emotional Supports programs provide home-based and community-based support for families navigating these challenges. And our What Does My Child Need? guided tool can help you find the right fit.

The Bottom Line

The next time your child falls apart — in the car, at the dinner table, in the middle of Target — try to remember: this is not a discipline problem. This is a child whose brain is overwhelmed. They don't need you to fix it. They need you to be the calm in their storm.

And every time you show up that way — imperfectly, exhaustedly, but present — you're not just surviving the moment. You're building their brain. One meltdown at a time.

Renée Layman

President & CEO · Center for Child Counseling · HOPE Champion

Renée has led Center for Child Counseling since 2013, growing it from a small grassroots agency to one serving over 7,500 children annually across Palm Beach County. With nearly 30 years in children's mental health, she is a certified HOPE Champion through the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center, President of the Florida Association for Infant Mental Health, and author of the updated A Way of Being with Children PreK Manual.

We lock the doors. We buckle the seatbelts. We childproof the cabinets. We do everything we can to keep our children physically safe. But the kind of safety that shapes a child's brain, behavior, and future has almost nothing to do with locks — and everything to do with relationships.

Safety, for a child's developing nervous system, isn't about the absence of danger. It's about the presence of connection. A child who feels emotionally safe — who knows that a trusted adult will be there, will notice them, will help them when things feel overwhelming — develops the neural architecture for learning, emotional regulation, and resilience.

A child who doesn't feel that safety? Their brain stays in survival mode. It doesn't matter how good the school is or how structured the routine — a brain on alert can't learn, can't connect, and can't grow the way it's designed to.

The Four S's: What Every Child Needs

Dr. Tina Payne Bryson — the internationally renowned psychotherapist, bestselling author, and keynote speaker at our Lead the Fight initiative — describes four essential experiences that every child needs from their caregivers. She calls them the Four S's:

When a child consistently experiences these four things, something profound happens: they develop what researchers call secure attachment. And secure attachment isn't just a nice-to-have — it's the single strongest predictor of a child's ability to handle stress, form healthy relationships, and thrive throughout their life.

What This Looks Like in Real Life

Attachment theory can sound abstract. But in practice, it shows up in the smallest, most ordinary moments — the ones you might not even think about.

Why This Matters for the Brain

When a child feels safe, seen, soothed, and secure, their nervous system can shift from survival mode to learning mode. The stress response calms. The prefrontal cortex — the part of the brain responsible for problem-solving, empathy, emotional regulation, and decision-making — comes online.

But when a child chronically doesn't feel safe — even if they're physically safe — their brain stays wired for protection. The alarm system stays on. Cortisol stays elevated. And the parts of the brain that handle learning, connection, and emotional growth don't develop the way they should.

This is why the HOPE framework puts Relationships as the very first building block. Not environments. Not programs. Not curriculum. Relationships. Because without a safe, caring relationship at the center, nothing else works the way it should.

What About When You Get It Wrong?

Here's the part that matters most: you don't have to be perfect.

Research on attachment shows that parents don't need to get it right every time — they need to get it right about a third of the time. What matters even more than getting it right is what happens when you get it wrong. Can you repair?

"I'm sorry I snapped at you. That wasn't your fault. I was frustrated about something else." That sentence — offered sincerely — is more powerful than a hundred perfect moments. Because it teaches your child that relationships can bend without breaking. That mistakes are human. That love isn't conditional on perfection.

At Center for Child Counseling, we call this A Way of Being with Children — a way of showing up in relationship that's grounded in attachment science, brain development, and the HOPE framework. It's not about techniques. It's about presence.

When a Child Needs More

For many children, a safe and responsive relationship with a caregiver is enough. But some children have experienced disruptions to that safety — through trauma, loss, neglect, domestic violence, or other adverse childhood experiences — that make it harder for them to trust, connect, and regulate.

That's when professional support can help. Programs like Child First (home-based services for families with children under 6), Infant Mental Health (specialized support for the earliest relationships), and our Child & Family Center (outpatient therapy for children and families) are all designed to rebuild the sense of safety that every child deserves.

If you're wondering whether your child might benefit from support, our What Does My Child Need? guided tool can help you find the right program for your family.

The Bottom Line

The most important thing you can give your child isn't a perfect home, a perfect school, or a perfect schedule. It's you — showing up, paying attention, repairing when things go sideways, and making sure they know, deep in their bones, that someone is there.

Safe. Seen. Soothed. Secure.

That's the foundation. Everything else builds from there.

Renée Layman

President & CEO · Center for Child Counseling · HOPE Champion

Renée has led Center for Child Counseling since 2013, growing it from a small grassroots agency to one serving over 7,500 children annually across Palm Beach County. With nearly 30 years in children's mental health, she is a certified HOPE Champion through the HOPE National Resource Center at Tufts Medical Center, President of the Florida Association for Infant Mental Health, and author of the updated A Way of Being with Children PreK Manual.